Updated October 16, 2026

PERM occupation, SOC 13-1151, #446 of 1,410 by filings

Training and Development Specialists

2,449 H-1B LCAs

Biggest sponsor: AMAZON WEB SERVICES, INC. · 9% of its filings
Busiest state: CA · 23% of its filings
Major group: Business and financial · SOC 13

Weighing an offer for this job?

Where it falls among certified offers, and the four wage levels DOL sets for it by area.

Compare my offer DOL's wage levels for this job

This rate is level with the field

Over 52 decided filings, this rate can't be told apart from the field in either direction.

Why

The 95% interval runs up to a 13.0% denial rate, which still covers the 3.20% the field as a whole records.

Median wage

$79,600

all PERM $103,272

Filings

#446 of 1,410

Approval

96.2%

field 96.8%

Median days

385

92 faster than the field

What it pays

Where its median offer sits among every occupation, then the whole ladder of certified offers by year and by state.

Position in the field 535 occupations with 30+ decided

Median offered wage

$79,600above 58%

$18k $500k

Approval rate

96.2%ahead of 47%

49% 100%

Median days to decision

385 daysahead of 89%

323d 536d

Each bar counts occupations at that value. More

Each bar counts occupations at that value. PERM runs two labour markets through one process, which is why the wage axis is two humps rather than a bell. The line marks this one.

DOL PERM disclosure files

Who files it

The sponsors and firms with the most PERM filings under this code, the places the work sits, and who the workers were.

Sponsors filing it

How this is counted

The employers with the most applications under this code. 14 of 53 filings, 26% of the total.

Firms filing it

Fragomen, Del Rey, Bernsen Loewy, LLP 12 filings
Ozisik, PLLC 6 filings
Berry Appleman Leiden LLP 4 filings
Grzeca Law Group, SC 3 filings
Ryu Ryu, PLC 2 filings
Alfie Alfie, P.A. 1 filings

How this is counted

The law firms named on the most applications under this code. 28 of 53 filings, 53% of the total.

Where the jobs are

California 12
Massachusetts 5
Washington 4
Illinois 3
North Carolina 3
Texas 3

How this is counted

The worksite state on the application, which is where the job is and not where the company is headquartered. Volume by state across everyone is on the state map. These 6 states cover 30 of 53 filings.

Where the work is

Franklin, WI 3
Seattle, WA 3
Portland, OR 2
Santa Rosa, CA 2
Sunnyvale, CA 2
Acworth, GA 1

How this is counted

The worksite city on the application, which is where the job is. These 6 cities cover 13 of 53 filings.

Who filled these jobs, FY2016 to FY2023

From DOL's old form; the form in use since mid-2023 doesn't carry them. Top six of each.

Country of citizenship

India 91
China 71
Canada 57
South Korea 47
United Kingdom 46
Brazil 44

Worker's education

Bachelor's 316
Master's 213
None 76
Other 34
Associate's 26
Doctorate 22

Visa held when filed

H-1B 313
L-1 130
F-1 59
NOT IN USA 29
E-2 22
TN 20

Schools

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 10
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY 6
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY 4
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY 4
SUFFOLK UNIVERSITY 4
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES 3

Fields of study

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 54
EDUCATION 35
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 20
COMPUTER SCIENCE 19
DENTAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY 16
COMPUTER ENGINEERING 14

The job itself

What O*NET says the work is, what the market pays it by BLS's survey, its outlook, and DOL's wage levels year by year.

What the job pays outside PERM BLS May 2025, DOL wage year 2026-27

United States
458,300 jobs
Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI
Franklin
Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA
Seattle
Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA
Portland
Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA
Santa Rosa
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA
Sunnyvale

$50k$100k$150k

middle half of pay (BLS)
median
10th to 90th percentile
DOL's Levels I to IV, left to right
median PERM offer

Market pay and DOL wage levels, by area
Area	BLS median	Level I	Level II	Level III	Level IV
United States	$69,280
Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI	$73,930	$49,816	$62,878	$75,920	$88,982
Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA	$89,550	$58,781	$77,085	$95,410	$113,714
Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA	$77,000	$53,186	$68,827	$84,469	$100,110
Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA	$75,590	$47,715	$63,898	$80,101	$96,283
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA	$104,770	$62,213	$85,613	$109,013	$132,413

How these figures fit together

BLS surveys employers on what they pay everyone in a job; DOL builds its four levels from the same survey a year later (the July 2026 wage year uses BLS's May 2025 estimates). DOL publishes levels by area, not nationally, so the United States line has none. Levels are hourly in DOL's tables; here they're shown a year at 2,080 hours, as DOL computes them. The metros are the ones holding the most of this job's PERM filings, placed by Census's county files.

The block is the middle half of what employers report paying everyone in this job, citizen or not; the ticks under it are DOL's four prevailing wage levels for that metro, the floors a PERM or H-1B offer is held to. More

BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics; DOL OFLC wage tables

DOL's levels for this job in Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI, year by year

Each July DOL resets the four levels from BLS's newest survey. A determination keeps the figures of the year it was issued in.

DOL wage levels by wage year, Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI
Wage year	Level I	Level II	Level III	Level IV
2026-27	$49,816	$62,878	$75,920	$88,982
2025-26	$48,880	$61,131	$73,382	$85,634
2024-25	$45,136	$56,930	$68,723	$80,517
2023-24	$48,339	$60,549	$72,779	$84,989
2022-23	$42,910	$56,410	$69,888	$83,387
2021-22	$43,493	$54,787	$66,082	$77,376

Every area and both wage tables in the wage-level tool.

What the job is

Design or conduct work-related training and development programs to improve individual skills or organizational performance. May analyze organizational training needs or evaluate training effectiveness.

Preparation: Considerable Preparation Needed; O*NET Job Zone 4
DOL's education basis: Bachelor's degree; Wage year 2026-27, on DOL's Appendix A list
Jobs, 2025 to 2035: +10.8%; About 46,000 openings a year (BLS)
Typical entry: Bachelor's degree; Less than 5 years of related work (BLS)

Bright Outlook O*NET OnLine lists this job for rapid growth.

The work, most important first

Present information with a variety of instructional techniques or formats, such as role playing, simulations, team exercises, group discussions, videos, or lectures.
Obtain, organize, or develop training procedure manuals, guides, or course materials, such as handouts or visual materials.
Evaluate modes of training delivery, such as in-person or virtual, to optimize training effectiveness, training costs, or environmental impacts.
Offer specific training programs to help workers maintain or improve job skills.
Assess training needs through surveys, interviews with employees, focus groups, or consultation with managers, instructors, or customer representatives.
Monitor, evaluate, or record training activities or program effectiveness.

The education workers in it report

High School Diploma or the equivalent (such as a GED)

9%
Associate's Degree or other 2-year degree

9%
Bachelor's Degree

78%

Titles people use for it

Corporate Trainer, Job Training Specialist, Learning and Development Specialist (L and D Specialist), Training Specialist, Computer Training Specialist, Leadership Development Specialist, Learning and Development Consultant, Management Development Specialist.

This section includes information from the O*NET 31.0 Database and O*NET OnLine by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), used under the CC BY 4.0 license. O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA. PERM Tracker has modified some of this information (the shares are rounded and only the top tasks are shown); what changed. USDOL/ETA has not approved, endorsed, or tested these modifications.

Against other jobs

Where this sits in the ranking

Ranked 446 of 1,410 by volume: 445 filed at least as many filings, and 964 filed no more.

Just above: Dietitians and Nutritionists 53 filings
Just below: Financial Examiners 52 filings

Other business and financial roles

Occupations sharing this one's SOC major group, which is carried in the first two digits of the code. More

Occupations sharing this one's SOC major group, which is carried in the first two digits of the code. Wages inside a group still swing hard, because the group holds every seniority level and every metro.

The same job on H-1B

2,449 certified H-1B labor condition applications for this occupation since FY2020, offering a median of $68,723 a year; the middle half ran $60,000 to $91,112. By state and year in the salary explorer.

Notes on these numbers

Reading the wage

A floor, not a salary survey: every level and metro mixed. DOL's four wage levels for this job, by area.

What the median is

The median wage employers committed to in federal filings for this occupation. It mixes every experience level and every metro, and it's a floor: the employer must offer at least the prevailing wage DOL determines for the occupation, level and county. Across all PERM filings the middle half of offered wages runs $45,178 to $141,357, so a figure inside that band is unremarkable whichever occupation it belongs to. The levels page reads DOL's OFLC wage search live.

What these numbers don't say

4 notes

The code is the identity: This one is SOC 13-1151. Two SOC codes can carry the same job title, so a title that looks duplicated on the ranking is two different occupations. Match on the code when you're checking a specific filing.
A median isn’t an offer: It's the middle of all 53 wages committed to for this occupation across the country, entry level and principal alike. The same role's medians swing hard by worksite, which the state map shows directly.
Approval isn’t about the occupation: The denial rate moves with what happened in the filing rather than with the job title, so nothing here is a property of Training and Development Specialists. The measured factors are on the denial risk page, published as separate rates.
Nothing here is pending: All 53 counted here carry a decision date, because every case in DOL's disclosure files does, so a case still waiting is in none of them. The largest filer of this occupation is AMAZON WEB SERVICES, INC.. Where the queue stands today is on the processing times page.

The window these figures cover: DOL's PERM disclosure files for fiscal years 2024 to 2026, through the third quarter of 2026, 373,939 decided cases. Nothing pending is counted here. How each figure is built

Weighing an offer?

Compare it against this median, then check the state map, where the same occupation's medians swing hard by worksite.

Setting one?

All 1,410 occupations sort together on the wages page, and denial rates show how outcome moves with the offered wage.

Filings newer than DOL's last published file can't be attributed to this occupation until DOL publishes them. The live list on the case search page carries them by employer.

Case data: DOL quarterly disclosure files (flag.dol.gov) · data through Jun 30, 2026 · quarterly

Employers and firms: Derived from DOL's disclosure files · data through Jun 30, 2026 · rebuilt with each quarterly load

O*NET occupation data: O*NET Database, USDOL/ETA (onetcenter.org) · data through Aug 16, 2026 · twice a year

BLS market pay: BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (bls.gov) · data through May 31, 2025 · yearly, each spring

BLS employment projections: BLS Employment Projections (bls.gov) · data through Dec 31, 2025 · yearly, each autumn

DOL wage tables: DOL OFLC wage data downloads (flag.dol.gov) · data through Jul 1, 2026 · yearly, each july

What each source includes

Case data: Decided PERM cases only. A case still waiting isn't in here, so counts and durations describe finished cases.

Employers and firms: Employers, law firms and occupations ranked from decided cases only.

O*NET occupation data: What O*NET says each occupation is and takes: its description, tasks, Job Zone and the education workers report. A description of the job everywhere, not of any one employer's opening.

BLS market pay: What employers report paying everyone in each job, nationally, by state and by metro, from BLS's yearly survey (May of the year named). Citizens and immigrants alike; not PERM offers.

BLS employment projections: BLS's ten-year projection of each job's employment and yearly openings, and the entry education it calls typical. A projection, not a count.

DOL wage tables: The four prevailing wage levels DOL publishes for every job in every area, each wage year from 2021-22, as DOL's own tables print them. The floors an offer is held to, not what anyone was paid.

Cite this page

Waiting on a PERM case?

When it'll likely be decided
An email when DOL moves it