Updated
PERM occupation, SOC 41-9031.00, #44 of 1,410 by filings
Sales Engineers
- Biggest sponsor
- MICROSOFT CORPORATION · 8% of its filings
- Busiest state
- CA · 38% of its filings
- Major group
- Sales · SOC 41
Weighing an offer for this job?
Where it falls among certified offers, and the four wage levels DOL sets for it by area.
Median wage
$141,773
all PERM $103,272
Filings
1,397
#44 of 1,410
Approval
98.0%
field 96.8%
Median days
482
5 slower than the field
What it pays
Where its median offer sits among every occupation, then the whole ladder of certified offers by year and by state.
Median offered wage
$141,773above 90%
Approval rate
98.0%ahead of 67%
Median days to decision
482 daysahead of 33%
Each bar counts occupations at that value. More
- 5th to 95th
- 25th to 75th
- Median
- 10th and 90th
FY2024
$146,684 median · 55 certified cases
FY2025
$141,773 median · 708 certified cases
FY2026
$141,773 median · 532 certified cases
- 10th
- $94,016
- +4.6% since FY2024
- Median
- $141,773
- -3.3% since FY2024
- 90th
- $190,998
- +6.4% since FY2024
- 95th
- $200,304
- +3.3% since FY2024
These years are not measuring the same group of filings. The count moves by 12.9 times between the largest year and the smallest, so a change in the ladder is at least partly a change in which employers filed rather than a change in what the work pays. Read the shape, not the difference.
| Fiscal year | Cases | 5th | 10th | 25th | Median | 75th | 90th | 95th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FY2024 | 55 | $75,931 | $89,881 | $115,501 | $146,684 | $163,613 | $179,520 | $193,888 |
| FY2025 | 708 | $79,017 | $94,259 | $117,818 | $141,773 | $168,894 | $186,421 | $200,000 |
| FY2026 | 532 | $80,010 | $94,016 | $117,638 | $141,773 | $175,925 | $190,998 | $200,304 |
A median answers whether pay moved. More
Who files it
The sponsors and firms with the most PERM filings under this code, the places the work sits, and who the workers were.
Sponsors filing it
- MICROSOFT CORPORATION 106 filings · 100.0% approved
- Cadence Design Systems, Inc. 45 filings · 100.0% approved
- Salesforce, Inc. 40 filings · 100.0% approved
- Cisco Systems, Inc. 39 filings · 100.0% approved
- Databricks, Inc. 29 filings
- Oracle America, Inc. 21 filings
How this is counted
The employers with the most applications under this code. 280 of 1,397 filings, 20% of the total.
Firms filing it
- Fragomen, Del Rey, Bernsen & Loewy, LLP 294 filings · 98.6% approved
- Berry Appleman & Leiden LLP 120 filings · 100.0% approved
- Tafapolsky & Smith LLP 107 filings · 99.0% approved
- Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak and Stewart, P.C. 89 filings · 100.0% approved
- Corporate Immigration Partners, P.C. 67 filings · 100.0% approved
- Erickson Immigration Group 47 filings · 100.0% approved
How this is counted
The law firms named on the most applications under this code. 724 of 1,397 filings, 52% of the total.
Where the jobs are
- California 537
- Texas 178
- New York 86
- Washington 82
- Massachusetts 70
- Michigan 58
How this is counted
The worksite state on the application, which is where the job is and not where the company is headquartered. Volume by state across everyone is on the state map. These 6 states cover 1,011 of 1,397 filings.
Where the work is
- San Jose, CA 124
- Santa Clara, CA 105
- San Francisco, CA 101
- Redmond, WA 69
- New York, NY 59
- Austin, TX 49
How this is counted
The worksite city on the application, which is where the job is. These 6 cities cover 507 of 1,397 filings.
- Every sponsor that files it, by state, approval rate, offered wage and time to a decision
- Every filing for it, PERM, wage requests and H-1B, case by case
Newspapers it advertised in
- 250 cases
The Mercury News
- 162 cases
San Francisco Chronicle
- 77 cases
The Seattle Times
- 65 cases
The New York Times
- 63 cases
The Dallas Morning News
- 48 cases
Houston Chronicle
How this is counted
The newspaper or professional journal named for each case's two print ads, one count per paper per case, however the filer spelled it.
Additional steps it used
- 1,245 cases
Job search websites
- 1,087 cases
Local or ethnic newspapers
- 509 cases
Trade or professional organizations
- 478 cases
The employer's website
- 320 cases
Radio or TV ads
- 279 cases
Employee referral programs
How this is counted
The steps a professional job needs beyond the job order and the ads, by the number of cases that name each.
How long before filing it began
- 0.0%
Under 30 days
- 0.1%
30 to 59 days
- 25%
60 to 89 days
- 29%
90 to 119 days
- 20%
120 to 149 days
- 27%
150 to 180 days
- 0.4%
Over 180 days
How this is counted
Days from the first recruitment step to the filing. 20 C.F.R. § 656.17(e) puts the job order and ads 30 to 180 days before filing.
Who filled these jobs, FY2016 to FY2023
From DOL's old form; the form in use since mid-2023 doesn't carry them. Top six of each.
Country of citizenship
- India 56
- Canada 4
- Germany 2
- Taiwan 2
- Australia 1
- Colombia 1
Worker's education
- Bachelor's 35
- Master's 28
- None 3
- Other 3
- Associate's 1
- High School 1
Visa held when filed
- H-1B 41
- L-1 23
- E-2 2
- NOT IN USA 2
- E-3 1
- PAROLEE 1
Schools
- BANGALORE UNIVERSITY 3
- MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY 3
- UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI 3
- BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY 2
- KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY 2
- UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT 2
Fields of study
- BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 7
- MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 7
- COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 4
- COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 3
- ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3
- ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL 3
The job itself
What O*NET says the work is, what the market pays it by BLS's survey, its outlook, and DOL's wage levels year by year.
- United States51,790 jobs
- San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CASan Jose, Santa Clara
- San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CASan Francisco
- Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WARedmond
- New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJNew York
- Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TXAustin
- middle half of pay (BLS)
- median
- 10th to 90th percentile
- DOL's Levels I to IV, left to right
- median PERM offer
| Area | BLS median | Level I | Level II | Level III | Level IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | $124,900 | ||||
| San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | $177,490 | $120,994 | $150,426 | $179,878 | $209,310 |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA | $151,610 | $97,032 | $125,694 | $154,378 | $183,040 |
| Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA | $153,560 | $104,915 | $127,358 | $149,802 | $172,245 |
| New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ | $147,570 | $102,544 | $126,880 | $151,237 | $175,573 |
| Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX | $137,960 | $89,086 | $117,250 | $145,392 | $173,555 |
How these figures fit together
BLS surveys employers on what they pay everyone in a job; DOL builds its four levels from the same survey a year later (the July 2026 wage year uses BLS's May 2025 estimates). DOL publishes levels by area, not nationally, so the United States line has none. Levels are hourly in DOL's tables; here they're shown a year at 2,080 hours, as DOL computes them. The metros are the ones holding the most of this job's PERM filings, placed by Census's county files.
The block is the middle half of what employers report paying everyone in this job, citizen or not; the ticks under it are DOL's four prevailing wage levels for that metro, the floors a PERM or H-1B offer is held to. More
DOL's levels for this job in San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA, year by year
Each July DOL resets the four levels from BLS's newest survey. A determination keeps the figures of the year it was issued in.
| Wage year | Level I | Level II | Level III | Level IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-27 | $120,994 | $150,426 | $179,878 | $209,310 |
| 2025-26 | $109,491 | $139,235 | $168,958 | $198,702 |
| 2024-25 | $108,722 | $139,256 | $169,770 | $200,304 |
| 2023-24 | $100,734 | $129,730 | $158,746 | $187,741 |
| 2022-23 | $102,669 | $130,354 | $158,038 | $185,723 |
| 2021-22 | $107,557 | $128,814 | $150,093 | $171,350 |
What the job is
Sell business goods or services, the selling of which requires a technical background equivalent to a baccalaureate degree in engineering.
- Preparation
- Considerable Preparation Needed
- O*NET Job Zone 4
- DOL's education basis
- Bachelor's degree
- Wage year 2026-27, on DOL's Appendix A list
- Jobs, 2025 to 2035
- +2.8%
- About 3,800 openings a year (BLS)
- Typical entry
- Bachelor's degree
- BLS
The work, most important first
- Develop, present, or respond to proposals for specific customer requirements, including request for proposal responses and industry-specific solutions.
- Collaborate with sales teams to understand customer requirements, to promote the sale of company products, and to provide sales support.
- Create sales or service contracts for products or services.
- Visit prospective buyers at commercial, industrial, or other establishments to show samples or catalogs, and to inform them about product pricing, availability, and advantages.
- Keep informed on industry news and trends, products, services, competitors, relevant information about legacy, existing, and emerging technologies, and the latest product-line developments.
- Identify resale opportunities and support them to achieve sales plans.
The education workers in it report
- 6%
Some College Courses
- 12%
Associate's Degree or other 2-year degree
- 57%
Bachelor's Degree
Titles people use for it
Business Development Engineer, Product Sales Engineer, Sales Engineer, Technical Marketing Engineer, Inside Sales Engineer, Sales Applications Engineer, Technical Sales Engineer.
Related jobs: Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products, Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel, Architectural and Engineering Managers, Logistics Engineers, Industrial Engineers, Electronics Engineers, Except Computer.
This section includes information from the O*NET 31.0 Database and O*NET OnLine by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), used under the CC BY 4.0 license. O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA. PERM Tracker has modified some of this information (the shares are rounded and only the top tasks are shown); what changed. USDOL/ETA has not approved, endorsed, or tested these modifications.
Against other jobs
Where this sits in the ranking
Ranked 44 of 1,410 by volume: 43 filed at least as many filings, and 1,366 filed no more.
- Just above
- Computer Programmers 1,436 filings
- Just below
- Marketing Managers 1,382 filings
Other sales roles
Occupations sharing this one's SOC major group, which is carried in the first two digits of the code. More
Occupations sharing this one's SOC major group, which is carried in the first two digits of the code. Wages inside a group still swing hard, because the group holds every seniority level and every metro.
- #92 First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers 691 filings · 37 denied
- #132 Sales Engineers 397 filings · 8 denied
- #136 Cashiers 382 filings · 25 denied
- #138 Retail Salespersons 369 filings · 26 denied
- #168 Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents 277 filings · 4 denied
- #189 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scienti 230 filings · 12 denied
The same job on H-1B
15,164 certified H-1B labor condition applications for this occupation since FY2020, offering a median of $135,000 a year; the middle half ran $108,409 to $161,261. By state and year in the salary explorer.
Notes on these numbers
Reading the wage
A floor, not a salary survey: every level and metro mixed. DOL's four wage levels for this job, by area.
What the median is
The median wage employers committed to in federal filings for this occupation. It mixes every experience level and every metro, and it's a floor: the employer must offer at least the prevailing wage DOL determines for the occupation, level and county. Across all PERM filings the middle half of offered wages runs $45,178 to $141,357, so a figure inside that band is unremarkable whichever occupation it belongs to. The levels page reads DOL's OFLC wage search live.
What these numbers don't say
4 notes
- The code is the identity
- This one is SOC 41-9031.00. Two SOC codes can carry the same job title, so a title that looks duplicated on the ranking is two different occupations. Match on the code when you're checking a specific filing.
- A median isn’t an offer
- It's the middle of all 1,397 wages committed to for this occupation across the country, entry level and principal alike. The same role's medians swing hard by worksite, which the state map shows directly.
- Approval isn’t about the occupation
- The denial rate moves with what happened in the filing rather than with the job title, so nothing here is a property of Sales Engineers. The measured factors are on the denial risk page, published as separate rates.
- Nothing here is pending
- All 1,397 counted here carry a decision date, because every case in DOL's disclosure files does, so a case still waiting is in none of them. The largest filer of this occupation is MICROSOFT CORPORATION. Where the queue stands today is on the processing times page.
The window these figures cover: DOL's PERM disclosure files for fiscal years 2024 to 2026, through the third quarter of 2026, 373,939 decided cases. Nothing pending is counted here. How each figure is built
Weighing an offer?
Compare it against this median, then check the state map, where the same occupation's medians swing hard by worksite.
Setting one?
All 1,410 occupations sort together on the wages page, and denial rates show how outcome moves with the offered wage.
Filings newer than DOL's last published file can't be attributed to this occupation until DOL publishes them. The live list on the case search page carries them by employer.
Case data: DOL quarterly disclosure files (flag.dol.gov) · data through Jun 30, 2026 · quarterly
Employers and firms: Derived from DOL's disclosure files · data through Jun 30, 2026 · rebuilt with each quarterly load
O*NET occupation data: O*NET Database, USDOL/ETA (onetcenter.org) · data through Aug 16, 2026 · twice a year
BLS market pay: BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (bls.gov) · data through May 31, 2025 · yearly, each spring
BLS employment projections: BLS Employment Projections (bls.gov) · data through Dec 31, 2025 · yearly, each autumn
DOL wage tables: DOL OFLC wage data downloads (flag.dol.gov) · data through Jul 1, 2026 · yearly, each july
What each source includes
Case data: Decided PERM cases only. A case still waiting isn't in here, so counts and durations describe finished cases.
Employers and firms: Employers, law firms and occupations ranked from decided cases only.
O*NET occupation data: What O*NET says each occupation is and takes: its description, tasks, Job Zone and the education workers report. A description of the job everywhere, not of any one employer's opening.
BLS market pay: What employers report paying everyone in each job, nationally, by state and by metro, from BLS's yearly survey (May of the year named). Citizens and immigrants alike; not PERM offers.
BLS employment projections: BLS's ten-year projection of each job's employment and yearly openings, and the entry education it calls typical. A projection, not a count.
DOL wage tables: The four prevailing wage levels DOL publishes for every job in every area, each wage year from 2021-22, as DOL's own tables print them. The floors an offer is held to, not what anyone was paid.
Cite this page
Waiting on a PERM case?
- When it'll likely be decided
- An email when DOL moves it